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In social animals, including humans, social grooming is an activity in which individuals in a group clean or maintain one another's body or appearance. A related term, allogrooming, indicates social grooming between members of the same species. Grooming is a major social activity, and a means by which animals who live in proximity may bond and reinforce social structures, family links, and build relationships. Social grooming also is used as a form of reconciliation and a means of conflict resolution in some species. Mutual grooming typically describes the act of grooming between two individuals, often as a part of social grooming, pair bonding, or a precoital activity. It is a reuse of ordinary grooming behavior, a means of achieving hygiene and good health, in that an animal helping another animal to clean itself also is helping to form a social bond and trust between them. ==In non-human animals== File:Mutually grooming ponies new forest.jpg|Mutual grooming in ponies File:Indian Macaques grooming.jpg|Three macaques grooming one another near Lonavla, India File:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - New Orleans 2.jpg|Social grooming in hyacinth macaws File:Social grooming lions.ogv|One lion grooming another at the Rietvlei Nature Reserve Animals regularly clean themselves to keep their fur, feathers, scales, or other skin coverings in good condition. This activity - known as personal grooming, preening, or auto-grooming - promotes hygiene. Dead skin and foreign objects such as insects, ectoparasites, and leaves, dirt and twigs, are some of the items typically removed. Many social animals groom each other, an activity known as social grooming, mutual grooming, or allo-grooming. Items removed during social grooming are identical to those removed by personal grooming. Social grooming also takes the form of stroking, scratching, and massaging. Primates provide perhaps the best example of this activity. The trust and bonding it builds is critical to group cooperation. Among primates, social grooming plays an important role in establishing and maintaining alliances and dominance hierarchies, for building coalitions, and for reconciliation after conflicts; it is also a resource that is exchanged for other resources, such as food and sex.〔Aureli, F., van Schaik, C., & van Hooff, J (1989). Functional aspects of reconciliation among captive long-tailed macaques (''Macaca fascicularis''). American Journal of Primatology, 19, 39-51.〕〔Lawick-Goodall, J. van. (1968). The behavior of free living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behavior Monographs, 1, 161-311.〕〔de Waal, F. (1989). Peacemaking among primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.〕〔Smuts, B., Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R., Wrangham, R., & Struhsaker, T. (1987). Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.〕 Primates groom socially in moments of boredom as well, and the act has been shown to reduce tension and stress. It is often associated with observed periods of relaxed behaviour, and primates have been known to fall asleep while receiving grooming. Results of research shows that male crab-eating macaques will groom females in order to get sex. One study found that a female has a greater likelihood to engage in sexual activity with a male if he had recently groomed her, compared to males who had not groomed her. Vervet monkey siblings often have conflict over grooming allocation by their mother. Yet, grooming remains an activity that mediates tension and is low cost for alliance formation and maintenance.〔Lee, P.C. "Sibships: Cooperation and Competition Among Immature Vervet Monkeys." Primates. Vol 28(1) 47-59. 1987〕 Other animals groom socially as well. These include insects, birds, ungulates, and bats. An example of a bird that socially grooms is the scaly-breasted munia. Whereas social grooming among primates has been very well-studied, less is known about social grooming in these other animals. Mammals often perform social grooming. Domesticated animals, especially cats and dogs, will groom trusted humans as a sign of affection. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Social grooming」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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